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OmniRAT Full Version
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A major challenge in human vaccine science is finding appropriate models for studying antibody responses. Animals such as mice, rabbits and monkeys have typically been used in the past and the small animals, in particular, have been favored for ease of immunization, cost reasons and the ability to extensively biopsy post-immunization. One limitation is their use of non-human immunoglobulin (V, D, J) genes in antibodies which can be restricted in their specificity1, and/or lack residues needed for priming by a germline targeting immunogen2. One approach to solving this problem of wild-type animal models is to use humanized immunoglobulin loci-transgenic rodents3,4. The first demonstration of a transgenic rodent with the ability to express human IgM was 30 years ago5. Since then, advances in genetic engineering technologies allowed for the first transgenic mice strains that express fully human antibodies6,7. Today, many new transgenic animal models have been developed including rodents, chickens, rabbits and cows8. These animal models have been used extensively for the discovery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)9, tolerance studies10 and more recently for modelling human antibody responses to vaccine candidates3,4. Here we focus on one such animal model: a rat with expression of humanized chimeric antibodies.
The generation of antibody diversity begins with the development of B cells in the bone marrow. Three unlinked loci contain the immunoglobulin gene segments necessary for the assembly of an antibody: one heavy chain locus on chromosome 14 and two light chain loci (lambda and kappa found on chromosomes 2 and 22 respectively). Large pre-B cells derived from common lymphoid progenitors randomly join VH, DH, and JH gene segments to produce a heavy chain. This process requires V(D)J recombinase: a protein complex that contains RAG1, RAG2 and Artemis (among others). P and N nucleotides are added in the VH-DH and DH-JH junctions by Artemis and TdT, dramatically increasing sequence diversity. After successful pairing of this newly formed heavy chain with surrogate light chain (SLC), recombination of a light chain from V and J gene segments of the kappa or lambda loci occurs and the B cell swaps the SLC for this new light chain. Unless the immature B cell is autoreactive or anergic and undergoes receptor editing or clonal deletion, it matures into a naïve B cell and migrates to the periphery whereupon it can become activated by encountering antigen and form germinal centers with help from T-cells. Sequence diversity is again enhanced in the germinal center by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and/or class switch recombination (CSR), two processes that depend on activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). The OmniRat was created by genomic integration of human immunoglobulin (Ig) loci on a background of inactivated endogenous rat Ig loci. It expresses chimeric heavy chains (i.e. human V, D, and J genes and rat constant genes) that pair with fully human light chains11,12. We sought to characterize the circulating antibody repertoire diversity in this animal and make comparisons to humans.
Sequence data that support the findings in this study are available at the NCBI Sequencing Read Archive (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) under BioProject number PRJNA592154. Raw and processed datasets are available at www.github.com/CollinJ0/omnirat_paper.
The data GhostCtrl steals is extensive, compared to other Android info-stealers. Besides the aforementioned information types, GhostCtrl can also pilfer information like Android OS version, username, Wi-Fi, battery, Bluetooth, and audio states, UiMode, sensor, data from camera, browser, and searches, service processes, activity information, and wallpaper.
The OmniAb discovery platform provides pharmaceutical industry partners with access to diverse antibody repertoires and high-throughput screening technologies to enable discovery of next-generation therapeutics. At the heart of the OmniAb platform is the Biological Intelligence (BI) of our proprietary transgenic animals, including OmniRat, OmniChicken and OmniMouse, which have been genetically modified to generate antibodies with human sequences to facilitate development of human therapeutic candidates. OmniFlic (transgenic rat) and OmniClic (transgenic chicken) address industry needs for bispecific antibody applications though a common light chain approach, and OmniTaur features unique structural attributes of cow antibodies for complex targets. OmniAb animals comprise the most diverse host systems available in the industry and they are optimally leveraged through computational antigen design and immunization methods, paired with high-throughput microfluidic-based single B cell screening and deep computational analysis of next-generation sequencing datasets to identify fully human antibodies with superior performance and developability characteristics. An established core competency focused on ion channels and transporters further differentiates our technology and creates opportunities to further leverage across modalities, including antibody-drug conjugates and others. The OmniAb suite of technologies and differentiating computational capabilities and BI features are combined to offer a highly efficient and customizable end-to-end solution for the growing discovery needs of the global pharmaceutical industry. For more information, please visit www.omniab.com.
Once the icon is opened by the victim, mms-einst8923.apk extracts OmniRat, which is encoded within the mms-einst8923.apk. In the example described on Techboard-online, a customized version of OmniRat is extracted.
Once installed, the App will send its own SMS message to the victims friends and colleagues listed in the contact list and further spread itself. The OmniRAT cannot be uninstalled once it is installed on the Android smartphones. Chrysaidos says that even if the victim uninstalls the MMS Retrieve icon, the customised version of OmniRAT remains installed on his/her Android smartphone, and will be sending data to a command and control (C&C) server seemingly based in Russia.
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